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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bi-elliptischer Transfer</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>In der <a href="Raumfahrt" title="Raumfahrt">Raumfahrt</a> ist der <b>bi-elliptische Transfer</b> ein möglicher Übergang für ein <a href="Raumfahrzeug" class="mw-redirect" title="Raumfahrzeug">Raumfahrzeug</a> zwischen zwei <a href="Umlaufbahn" title="Umlaufbahn">Bahnen</a> um den gleichen Zentralkörper (zum Beispiel die Erde oder die Sonne), der erstmals von <a href="Ari_Abramowitsch_Sternfeld" title="Ari Abramowitsch Sternfeld">Ari Sternfeld</a> beschrieben wurde.
</p><p>Anstatt wie beim <a href="Hohmann-Transfer" title="Hohmann-Transfer">Hohmann-Transfer</a> direkt von der Ausgangs- zur Zielbahn überzugehen, erfolgt der Transfer über zwei Transfer-Ellipsen. Die erste geht „über das Ziel hinaus“, die zweite führt zur gewünschten Zielbahn. Das mag zunächst sinnlos erscheinen, doch wenn die Zielbahn erheblich höher als die Ausgangsbahn ist, ist der bi-elliptische Transfer energetisch günstiger.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In diesem Artikel wird nur der Fall betrachtet, bei dem die Zielbahn einen größeren Abstand zum Zentralkörper als die Ausgangsbahn besitzt. Ebenfalls wird vereinfachend angenommen, dass Ausgangs- und Zielbahn kreisförmig und in der gleichen Ebene sind, dass die Geschwindigkeit sich augenblicklich ändert und dass keine <a href="Bahnst%C3%B6rung" title="Bahnstörung">Bahnstörungen</a> beispielsweise durch Drittkörper vorliegen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Berechnung">Berechnung</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geschwindigkeit">Geschwindigkeit</h3></div>
<p>Die fundamentale Gleichung zur Berechnung von koplanaren Übergängen (wie dem bi-elliptischen Transfer) ist die <a href="Vis-Viva-Gleichung" title="Vis-Viva-Gleichung">Vis-Viva-Gleichung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v={\sqrt {\mu \left({\frac {2}{r}}-{\frac {1}{a}}\right)}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v={\sqrt {\mu \left({\frac {2}{r}}-{\frac {1}{a}}\right)}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4d7af9c51526b4f22d56fb4513028a21d21cd62d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:18.665ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v={\sqrt {\mu \left({\frac {2}{r}}-{\frac {1}{a}}\right)}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>r</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span> sind der aktuelle Abstand des Raumfahrzeugs vom Zentralkörper und die aktuelle Geschwindigkeit,</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die <a href="Gro%C3%9Fe_Halbachse" class="mw-redirect" title="Große Halbachse">große Halbachse</a> der Bahn,</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu =GM}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu =GM}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/183d080fad6c5e9292cd08bc28897f334189b75f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.769ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu =GM}" loading="lazy"></span> ist der <a href="Gravitationsparameter" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitationsparameter">Gravitationsparameter</a> des Zentralkörpers (Masse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>M</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> multipliziert mit der <a href="Gravitationskonstante" title="Gravitationskonstante">Gravitationskonstanten</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span>).</li></ul>
<p>Für eine Kreisbahn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (r=a)}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (r=a)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc11e8bda38010f3d924ad1aaa8a3c662129443c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.186ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (r=a)}" loading="lazy"></span> vereinfacht sich die Gleichung zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v={\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
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<msqrt>
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<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mi>r</mi>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v={\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r}}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8453eed6974d38471e0683bedce2f46080fc6302.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:8.788ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v={\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Abbildung rechts zeigt den Verlauf des bi-elliptischen Transfers. Das Raumfahrzeug befindet sich auf einer Kreisbahn (blau) mit Radius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{1}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ea214f2b31fb3869344bb9311da41c5cc38a99e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.103ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Geschwindigkeit ist konstant <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{1}={\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{1}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
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<mn>1</mn>
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</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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</mfrac>
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</mrow>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{1}={\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{1}}}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/284d671bc6fd9a962b270bda2ffbae0c0b90937d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:10.543ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{1}={\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{1}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Ziel ist es, die höhere Kreisbahn (grün) mit Radius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{2}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4cbe9b0b294fdd6fadbf9a7249813f016dcbc44f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.103ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> zu erreichen.
</p>
<ol><li>Eine augenblickliche Geschwindigkeitserhöhung bringt den Satelliten auf die erste Transfer-Ellipse (rot), deren große Halbachse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bbf42ecda092975c9c69dae84e16182ba5fe2e07.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.284ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Die erste Geschwindigkeitsänderung beträgt also
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{1}={\sqrt {\mu \left({\frac {2}{r_{1}}}-{\frac {1}{a_{1}}}\right)}}-{\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{1}}}}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
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<mi>v</mi>
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<mn>1</mn>
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</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mn>1</mn>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta v_{1}={\sqrt {\mu \left({\frac {2}{r_{1}}}-{\frac {1}{a_{1}}}\right)}}-{\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{1}}}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8ff1de3e5c867c189c5b94830fe181b920ee8445.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:31.753ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{1}={\sqrt {\mu \left({\frac {2}{r_{1}}}-{\frac {1}{a_{1}}}\right)}}-{\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{1}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span><br> Sie ist tangential in Flugrichtung anzulegen, da die Ausgangsbahn ein Kreis ist, kann das Manöver überall beginnen.</dd></dl></li>
<li>Wenn die <a href="Apoapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apoapsis">Apoapsis</a> erreicht ist, befindet sich das Raumfahrzeug im Abstand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{b}=2a_{1}-r_{1}}">
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<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{b}=2a_{1}-r_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ccef7564432cd84333a27c420997db8ef8d4c395.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.475ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{b}=2a_{1}-r_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> vom Zentralkörper. Es erfolgt die zweite augenblickliche Geschwindigkeitserhöhung auf die zweite Transfer-Ellipse (orange), deren große Halbachse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{2}={\tfrac {r_{b}+r_{2}}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{2}={\tfrac {r_{b}+r_{2}}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b919fc2863858e653a93808e5520a9423233e152.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:10.549ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{2}={\tfrac {r_{b}+r_{2}}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Wieder ist die Geschwindigkeitsänderung tangential. Der Betrag ist
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{2}={\sqrt {\mu \left({\frac {2}{r_{b}}}-{\frac {1}{a_{2}}}\right)}}-{\sqrt {\mu \left({\frac {2}{r_{b}}}-{\frac {1}{a_{1}}}\right)}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta v_{2}={\sqrt {\mu \left({\frac {2}{r_{b}}}-{\frac {1}{a_{2}}}\right)}}-{\sqrt {\mu \left({\frac {2}{r_{b}}}-{\frac {1}{a_{1}}}\right)}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b8354445e6c088685f82152ee5f7764dde3107e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:42.69ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{2}={\sqrt {\mu \left({\frac {2}{r_{b}}}-{\frac {1}{a_{2}}}\right)}}-{\sqrt {\mu \left({\frac {2}{r_{b}}}-{\frac {1}{a_{1}}}\right)}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></li>
<li>Wenn die <a href="Periapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Periapsis">Periapsis</a> der zweiten Transfer-Ellipse erreicht ist, erfolgt die dritte Geschwindigkeitsänderung. Diesmal allerdings muss sie verkleinert werden, damit der Satellit auf der Kreisbahn bleibt
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{3}={\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{2}}}}-{\sqrt {\mu \left({\frac {2}{r_{2}}}-{\frac {1}{a_{2}}}\right)}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta v_{3}={\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{2}}}}-{\sqrt {\mu \left({\frac {2}{r_{2}}}-{\frac {1}{a_{2}}}\right)}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/073253821f9e47fe77d1415bd40e3398a0c37d35.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:31.753ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{3}={\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{2}}}}-{\sqrt {\mu \left({\frac {2}{r_{2}}}-{\frac {1}{a_{2}}}\right)}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></li></ol>
<p>Insgesamt beträgt der Treibstoffbedarf (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e18b43e4225eeaafeeb25aefc4ee90bd86f004dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.063ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta v}" loading="lazy"></span>)
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Delta v&=\Delta v_{1}+\Delta v_{2}+\Delta v_{3}\\&=\left({\sqrt {\mu \left({\frac {2}{r_{1}}}-{\frac {1}{a_{1}}}\right)}}-{\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{1}}}}\,\right)+\left({\sqrt {\mu \left({\frac {2}{r_{b}}}-{\frac {1}{a_{2}}}\right)}}-{\sqrt {\mu \left({\frac {2}{r_{b}}}-{\frac {1}{a_{1}}}\right)}}\,\right)+\left({\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{2}}}}-{\sqrt {\mu \left({\frac {2}{r_{2}}}-{\frac {1}{a_{2}}}\right)}}\,\right)\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>v</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Delta v&=\Delta v_{1}+\Delta v_{2}+\Delta v_{3}\\&=\left({\sqrt {\mu \left({\frac {2}{r_{1}}}-{\frac {1}{a_{1}}}\right)}}-{\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{1}}}}\,\right)+\left({\sqrt {\mu \left({\frac {2}{r_{b}}}-{\frac {1}{a_{2}}}\right)}}-{\sqrt {\mu \left({\frac {2}{r_{b}}}-{\frac {1}{a_{1}}}\right)}}\,\right)+\left({\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{2}}}}-{\sqrt {\mu \left({\frac {2}{r_{2}}}-{\frac {1}{a_{2}}}\right)}}\,\right)\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/815a6b7502c14a656893349f97f4b8e1be499414.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.671ex; width:109.346ex; height:10.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Delta v&=\Delta v_{1}+\Delta v_{2}+\Delta v_{3}\\&=\left({\sqrt {\mu \left({\frac {2}{r_{1}}}-{\frac {1}{a_{1}}}\right)}}-{\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{1}}}}\,\right)+\left({\sqrt {\mu \left({\frac {2}{r_{b}}}-{\frac {1}{a_{2}}}\right)}}-{\sqrt {\mu \left({\frac {2}{r_{b}}}-{\frac {1}{a_{1}}}\right)}}\,\right)+\left({\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{2}}}}-{\sqrt {\mu \left({\frac {2}{r_{2}}}-{\frac {1}{a_{2}}}\right)}}\,\right)\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Ist der Radius der Zielbahn mehr als 15,58-mal größer als der Radius der Ausgangsbahn, ist jeder bi-elliptische Transfer vom Treibstoffbedarf her günstiger als ein Hohmann-Transfer, solange <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{b}>r_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>></mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{b}>r_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1079ebd6062e6dbfd48399080883e344269f0dc0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.188ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{b}>r_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Unterhalb dieses Werts kann ein bi-elliptischer Transfer weniger <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e18b43e4225eeaafeeb25aefc4ee90bd86f004dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.063ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta v}" loading="lazy"></span> benötigen (siehe Abschnitt <a href="#Vergleich_mit_dem_Hohmann-Transfer">#Vergleich mit dem Hohmann-Transfer</a>).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zeit">Zeit</h3></div>
<p>Die Transferzeit lässt sich aus den halben <a href="Umlaufzeit" title="Umlaufzeit">Umlaufzeiten</a> der Transfer-Ellipsen berechnen. Die Umlaufzeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> berechnet sich für Ellipsen nach dem <a href="Drittes_Keplersches_Gesetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Drittes Keplersches Gesetz">dritten Keplerschen Gesetz</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a^{3}}{\mu }}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a^{3}}{\mu }}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/84a962a4e5da8183f6a38ef23d0a5a9452667148.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:12.673ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a^{3}}{\mu }}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Transferzeit eines bi-elliptischen Übergangs lautet also
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta t=\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a_{1}^{3}}{\mu }}}+\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a_{2}^{3}}{\mu }}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta t=\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a_{1}^{3}}{\mu }}}+\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a_{2}^{3}}{\mu }}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aa8206e075946eaac9b11e95066ffa97f2729bb5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:22.266ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta t=\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a_{1}^{3}}{\mu }}}+\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a_{2}^{3}}{\mu }}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Das ist erheblich länger als bei einem Hohmann-Transfer, was ein wichtiger Nachteil des bi-elliptischen Transfers ist (siehe Abschnitt <a href="#Vergleich_mit_dem_Hohmann-Transfer">#Vergleich mit dem Hohmann-Transfer</a>).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grenzfall_Hohmann-Transfer">Grenzfall Hohmann-Transfer</h2></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Hohmann-Transfer" title="Hohmann-Transfer">Hohmann-Transfer</a></i></div>
<p>Für den Grenzfall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{b}=r_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{b}=r_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/14b997d8777f21abf3c6b720d72faa19b80bfc47.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.188ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{b}=r_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> geht der bi-elliptische Transfer in den <i>Hohmann-Transfer</i> über.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grenzfall_bi-parabolischer_Transfer">Grenzfall bi-parabolischer Transfer</h2></div>
<p>Für den Grenzfall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{b}\rightarrow \infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{b}\rightarrow \infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/11a2f08e06f1f206a906d0cbacef99ac01d4cbc5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{b}\rightarrow \infty }" loading="lazy"></span> geht der bi-elliptische Transfer in den <i>bi-parabolischen</i> Transfer über.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Dieser Fall ist rein theoretisch, da der Satellit zuerst unendlich weit weg vom Zentralkörper gebracht wird. Erstens dauert das unendlich lang, zweitens kann man dann nicht mehr die Näherung eines <a href="Zweik%C3%B6rperproblem" title="Zweikörperproblem">Zweikörperproblems</a> anwenden. Trotzdem ist die Betrachtung in Hinsicht auf den Vergleich mit dem Hohmann-Transfer im nächsten Abschnitt interessant.
</p>
<dl><dt>Punkt 1</dt>
<dd>Der Satellit wird auf eine <a href="Fluchtgeschwindigkeit_(Raumfahrt)" title="Fluchtgeschwindigkeit (Raumfahrt)">Flucht-Parabel</a> (grün) gebracht.</dd></dl>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \qquad \Delta v_{1}=\left({\sqrt {2}}-1\right){\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{1}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \qquad \Delta v_{1}=\left({\sqrt {2}}-1\right){\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{1}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68a1750f187af4da6eade469c5c27ea3edfe615f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:26.742ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \qquad \Delta v_{1}=\left({\sqrt {2}}-1\right){\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{1}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Im Unendlichen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\infty )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\infty )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8a868f2a67b4117ece3aa381278e8962fa33831c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.133ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\infty )}" loading="lazy"></span> sinkt seine Geschwindigkeit auf 0.
</p>
<dl><dt>Punkt 2</dt>
<dd>Nun reicht ein infinitesimal kleiner Schub aus, um den Satelliten auf eine neue Transfer-Parabel (orange) zu bringen.</dd></dl>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \qquad \Delta v_{2}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \qquad \Delta v_{2}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8081a875a84bb26a7fe75d31dac85e11285f4ec4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.024ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \qquad \Delta v_{2}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dt>Punkt 3</dt>
<dd>Am Scheitelpunkt der zweiten Parabel muss nun wieder auf die Ziel-Kreisbahn gebremst werden.</dd></dl>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \qquad \Delta v_{3}=\left({\sqrt {2}}-1\right){\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{2}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \qquad \Delta v_{3}=\left({\sqrt {2}}-1\right){\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{2}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6d15af0ee04de0488a3b934b2dc160f4860e4b7f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:26.742ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \qquad \Delta v_{3}=\left({\sqrt {2}}-1\right){\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{2}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Insgesamt beträgt der Treibstoffbedarf (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e18b43e4225eeaafeeb25aefc4ee90bd86f004dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.063ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta v}" loading="lazy"></span>)
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \qquad \Delta v=\Delta v_{1}+\Delta v_{2}+\Delta v_{3}=\left({\sqrt {2}}-1\right)\left({\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{1}}}}+{\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{2}}}}\,\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \qquad \Delta v=\Delta v_{1}+\Delta v_{2}+\Delta v_{3}=\left({\sqrt {2}}-1\right)\left({\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{1}}}}+{\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{2}}}}\,\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/780b1f4bae944899d1114bbeced585588aae2e6a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:58.732ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \qquad \Delta v=\Delta v_{1}+\Delta v_{2}+\Delta v_{3}=\left({\sqrt {2}}-1\right)\left({\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{1}}}}+{\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{2}}}}\,\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Dieser Wert ist für alle Übergänge mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{2}>11{,}94\,r_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>11</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>94</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{2}>11{,}94\,r_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f808af65030c5694f5a659a3c5b06047dd27b172.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.988ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{2}>11{,}94\,r_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> geringer als für einen Hohmann-Transfer. Der bi-parabolische Transfer ist der Grenzfall eines bi-elliptischen Transfers, für den am meisten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e18b43e4225eeaafeeb25aefc4ee90bd86f004dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.063ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta v}" loading="lazy"></span> gespart werden kann.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vergleich_mit_dem_Hohmann-Transfer">Vergleich mit dem Hohmann-Transfer</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geschwindigkeit_2">Geschwindigkeit</h3></div>
<p>Die Abbildung rechts zeigt das benötigte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e18b43e4225eeaafeeb25aefc4ee90bd86f004dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.063ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta v}" loading="lazy"></span>, ein Maß für den Treibstoffbedarf und somit auch für die Energie, wenn ein Transfer zwischen einer Kreisbahn mit Radius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ea214f2b31fb3869344bb9311da41c5cc38a99e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.103ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und einer Kreisbahn mit Radius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4cbe9b0b294fdd6fadbf9a7249813f016dcbc44f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.103ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> gefahren wird.
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e18b43e4225eeaafeeb25aefc4ee90bd86f004dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.063ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta v}" loading="lazy"></span> ist mit der Anfangsgeschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/98d33f5d498d528bd8c10edc8ac8c34347f32b3a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.182ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> normiert, damit der Vergleich allgemein ist. Vier Kurven sind dargestellt: der Treibstoffbedarf für einen Hohmann-Transfer (blau), für einen bi-elliptischen Transfer mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha ={\tfrac {r_{b}}{r_{1}}}=20+{\tfrac {r_{2}}{r_{1}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>20</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha ={\tfrac {r_{b}}{r_{1}}}=20+{\tfrac {r_{2}}{r_{1}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e50922c139d4b109e63b6d1f53ee2d431319fbb2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:17.668ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha ={\tfrac {r_{b}}{r_{1}}}=20+{\tfrac {r_{2}}{r_{1}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> (rot), für einen bi-elliptischen Transfer mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha ={\tfrac {r_{b}}{r_{1}}}=100+{\tfrac {r_{2}}{r_{1}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>100</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha ={\tfrac {r_{b}}{r_{1}}}=100+{\tfrac {r_{2}}{r_{1}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3abe5c450b82fa7e17996d26a5d2c4a78a653134.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:18.831ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha ={\tfrac {r_{b}}{r_{1}}}=100+{\tfrac {r_{2}}{r_{1}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> (cyan) und für einen bi-parabolischen Transfer <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (r_{b}\rightarrow \infty )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (r_{b}\rightarrow \infty )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ef83b8faa887d1d2d80c025d7bc90b3d51e21fff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.733ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (r_{b}\rightarrow \infty )}" loading="lazy"></span> (grün)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p><p>Man sieht, dass der Hohmann-Transfer energetisch am günstigsten ist, solange das Radienverhältnis kleiner als 11,94 ist. Ist der Radius der Zielbahn mehr als 15,58-mal so groß wie der Radius der Ausgangsbahn, so ist jeder bi-elliptische Transfer vom Treibstoffbedarf her günstiger als ein Hohmann-Transfer, solange <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{b}>r_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>></mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{b}>r_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1079ebd6062e6dbfd48399080883e344269f0dc0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.188ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{b}>r_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist.
</p><p>Für den Bereich zwischen 11,94 und 15,58 ist der Abstand der gemeinsamen Apoapsis der zwei Transfer-Ellipsen (Punkt 2 in den Abbildungen über den <a href="#Berechnung">bi-elliptischen Transfer</a> und den <a href="#Grenzfall_bi-parabolischer_Transfer">bi-parabolischen Transfer</a>) zur Ausgangsbahn entscheidend.
</p><p>Die folgende Tabelle listet einige Fälle auf, wie groß <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha ={\tfrac {r_{b}}{r_{1}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha ={\tfrac {r_{b}}{r_{1}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/338fcc558277651b7e2fb24dc2d98ab54f42f89b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:6.995ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha ={\tfrac {r_{b}}{r_{1}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> (der Abstand der Apoapsis im Verhältnis zum Radius der Ausgangsbahn) mindestens sein muss, damit der bi-elliptische Transfer energetisch günstiger ist.
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<caption>minimales <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha ={r_{b}}/{r_{1}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha ={r_{b}}/{r_{1}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9319c609b72da5c019590d819ee118d96356e5f6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.838ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha ={r_{b}}/{r_{1}}}" loading="lazy"></span> für energetisch günstigeren bi-elliptische Transfer<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Radienverhältnis<br><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {r_{2}}/{r_{1}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {r_{2}}/{r_{1}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b84e6ac72eacdec7f68c76cc0a1f0310ad0ea9d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.368ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {r_{2}}/{r_{1}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<th>Minimales<br><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha ={r_{b}}/{r_{1}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha ={r_{b}}/{r_{1}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9319c609b72da5c019590d819ee118d96356e5f6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.838ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha ={r_{b}}/{r_{1}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<th>Bemerkungen
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>0 bis 11,94</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">00,</span>–</td>
<td>Hohmann-Transfer ist günstiger
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>11,94</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">00</span><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c26c105004f30c27aa7c2a9c601550a4183b1f21.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \infty }" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>bi-parabolischer Transfer
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>12</td>
<td>815,81</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>13</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>48,90</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>14</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>26,10</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>15</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>18,19</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>15,58</td>
<td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>15,58</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>größer als 15,58</td>
<td>größer als <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {r_{2}}{r_{1}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {r_{2}}{r_{1}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c2666f55082b5d0fcfc53035f26c73834444aec7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:2.409ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {r_{2}}{r_{1}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>jeder bi-elliptische Transfer ist günstiger
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>Dieser nicht unbedingt intuitive Zusammenhang ist durch den <a href="Oberth-Effekt" title="Oberth-Effekt">Oberth-Effekt</a> zu erklären.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zeit_2">Zeit</h3></div>
<p>Die lange Transferzeit eines bi-elliptischen Übergangs
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta t=\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a_{1}^{3}}{\mu }}}+\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a_{2}^{3}}{\mu }}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta t=\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a_{1}^{3}}{\mu }}}+\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a_{2}^{3}}{\mu }}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aa8206e075946eaac9b11e95066ffa97f2729bb5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:22.266ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta t=\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a_{1}^{3}}{\mu }}}+\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a_{2}^{3}}{\mu }}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ist ein großer Nachteil dieses Transfermanövers. Im Grenzfall des bi-parabolischen Transfers wird die Zeit sogar unendlich lang.
</p><p>Zum Vergleich braucht ein Hohmann-Transfer mit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta t=\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a^{3}}{\mu }}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta t=\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a^{3}}{\mu }}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/84fe0cc57fc6faa6f9dbbcd6e2a939d004ef1c71.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:12.65ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta t=\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a^{3}}{\mu }}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>weniger als die Hälfte der Zeit, weil nur eine halbe Transfer-Ellipse und nicht zwei halbe Ellipsen gefahren werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiel">Beispiel</h2></div>
<table class="wikitable float-right">
<caption>erforderliche <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\Delta v} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {\Delta v} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/abff31f98cd69657b4fc1cd40bd8ee7c84d9365d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.637ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\Delta v} }" loading="lazy"></span> verschiedener Transfers (km/s)
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>
</th>
<th>Hohmann
</th>
<th>bi-elliptisch<br><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =100}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>100</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =100}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e24dc757243196cb22b8584cdd6f12fb08832ba4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.073ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =100}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<th>bi-parabolisch
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta v_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7836e058d7d81890703c9ffb02b9df93ed642541.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.118ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>3,133</td>
<td>3,172</td>
<td>3,226
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta v_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/479384053847acf68e643701ef79f90d587b739f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.118ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>0,833</td>
<td>0,559</td>
<td>entfällt
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta v_{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1b53be24d226ff6695ca0699fc1a664fdaac143e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.118ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{3}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>entfällt</td>
<td>0,127</td>
<td>0,423
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>gesamtes</b> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\Delta v} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {\Delta v} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/abff31f98cd69657b4fc1cd40bd8ee7c84d9365d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.637ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\Delta v} }" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><b>3,966</b></td>
<td><b>3,858</b></td>
<td><b>3,649</b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Dauer</td>
<td>118:40:49 h</td>
<td>782:09:27 h</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c26c105004f30c27aa7c2a9c601550a4183b1f21.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \infty }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>Ein Beispiel angelehnt an Example 6-2 aus<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> veranschaulicht die Transfers:
</p><p>Ein Satellit, der um die Erde kreist, soll von einer kreisförmigen Startbahn mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{1}=6569\,\mathrm {km} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>6569</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{1}=6569\,\mathrm {km} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c750c3b1ec29108993d4abeea3b6b38f061b5081.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.402ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{1}=6569\,\mathrm {km} }" loading="lazy"></span> auf die kreisförmige Zielbahn mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{2}=382688\,\mathrm {km} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>382688</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{2}=382688\,\mathrm {km} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f1001da37fd99963d42bafd7632efe03f579785d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.727ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{2}=382688\,\mathrm {km} }" loading="lazy"></span> gebracht werden. Verglichen werden der Hohmann-Transfer, der bi-elliptische Transfer und der bi-parabolische Transfer bezüglich Geschwindigkeit und Zeit.
</p><p>Das Verhältnis vom Start- zum Zielradius ist etwa 58,25. Es ist also zu erwarten, dass der bi-elliptische und bi-parabolische Transfer weniger <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e18b43e4225eeaafeeb25aefc4ee90bd86f004dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.063ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta v}" loading="lazy"></span> als der Hohmann-Transfer benötigen. Für den bi-elliptischen Transfer muss ein <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{b}>r_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>></mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{b}>r_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1079ebd6062e6dbfd48399080883e344269f0dc0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.188ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{b}>r_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> gewählt werden, für das Beispiel wird <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{b}=100\,r_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>100</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{b}=100\,r_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/85d918fa3241f60162513f25841b45e0f00c07f1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.062ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{b}=100\,r_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> angenommen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li>A. F. B. A. Prado, <i>Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering</i>, vol. 25, 2003, p. 122–128, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-58782003000200003" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1590/S1678-58782003000200003">doi:10.1590/S1678-58782003000200003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1678-58782003000200003">online</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5">f</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">David A. Vallado: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Fundamentals of Astrodynamics and Applications</cite>. Micorcosm Press, Hawthorne, CA 2013, ISBN 978-1-881883-18-0, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>322–330</span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Bi-elliptischer+Transfer&rft.au=David+A.+Vallado&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Astrodynamics+and+Applications&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781881883180&rft.pages=322-330&rft.place=Hawthorne%2C+CA&rft.pub=Micorcosm+Press" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Pedro R. Escobal: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Methods of Astrodynamics</cite>. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1968, ISBN 0-471-24528-3 (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Bi-elliptischer+Transfer&rft.au=Pedro+R.+Escobal&rft.btitle=Methods+of+Astrodynamics&rft.date=1968&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0471245283&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">F. W. Gobetz, J. R. Doll: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">A Survey of Impulsive Trajectories</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">AIAA Journal</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, Mai 1969, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>801–834</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2514/3.5231">10.2514/3.5231</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Bi-elliptischer+Transfer&rft.atitle=A+Survey+of+Impulsive+Trajectories&rft.au=F.+W.+Gobetz%2C+J.+R.+Doll&rft.date=1969-05&rft.doi=10.2514%2F3.5231&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=AIAA+Journal&rft.pages=801-834&rft.volume=7" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
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